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HARI SREENIVASAN: But first: What drives a person to become successful? That’s the question behind MacArthur genius fellow and University of Pennsylvania psychology professor Angela Duckworth’s research. She pins it on grit, an intangible, but essential trait.

Economics correspondent Paul Solman spent a day with her in Philadelphia to try to figure out what that trait is made up of. It’s part of our weekly Making Sense report, which airs every Thursday on the “NewsHour.”

ROBERTO DIAZ, CEO, Curtis Institute of Music: As the sound opens, we have to have the vibrato open more.

PAUL SOLMAN: World-renowned violist Roberto Diaz. Diaz now heads the tuition-free Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, the hardest college in America to get into, where he’s taught for years.

But what sets Diaz and his students apart?

ROBERTO DIAZ: What we do here is teach students how to work and motivate themselves over a very long period of time.

PAUL SOLMAN: That pretty much defines grit, the catchword concept of psychologist Angela Duckworth and subject of her new book, “Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance.”

ANGELA DUCKWORTH, Author, “Grit”: Nobody gets to be good at something without effort, no matter what your aptitude is. And grit is about the effort part of the equation, right? Grit says, you know, whatever your talent is, you’re going to have to invest effort in order to develop skill.

PAUL SOLMAN: For years now, Professor Duckworth has been on a mission: to teach grit to those who lack it. When she began her career as an inner-city teacher:

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: It struck me that the gap between my highest-achieving and my lowest-achieving kids was yawning. How can we get kids to do better, and in particular the kids who I could tell from interacting with them had the aptitude, had the talent, to learn what I was asking them to learn, but weren’t?

PAUL SOLMAN: So, Duckworth became a psychologist, working in recent years on a grit curriculum at KIPP charter schools.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: Clap twice. Put up your right hand. Put up your left hand.

PAUL SOLMAN: Like the Infinity Middle School in New York City’s Harlem that we visited not too long ago.

But is grit a function of nature or nurture? To Duckworth, it’s a silly question, because grit is like most traits.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: It’s partly genetic. But human beings could learn to be grittier.

PAUL SOLMAN: But to teach grit, Duckworth thinks, you first need to understand it, see it in action. So we spent a day in her hometown of Philadelphia.

What could KIPP kids learn from a viola virtuoso about grit? Passion, perseverance, payoff, even if only to yourself.

ROBERTO DIAZ: Many of these details that we spend countless hours on may not be noticed at all.

It’s connecting a note, a certain way from here to there, and then that one to the next one. The emotional content in that phrase is what will actually make a difference to you. And this is the kind of detail, that that kind of work never ends. It never ends.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: If you look at true experts, they never get bored, right, because what they find is ever, ever greater nuance in what they do.

PAUL SOLMAN: They become immersed, says Duckworth, and then grit isn’t a grind, but more like an act of grace. That ducks the big question, though.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: Why do some people try, try again, and why do some people not? That’s what I’m after.

PAUL SOLMAN: Looking for an answer, Duckworth developed a quiz called The Grit Scale, and tested it out at West Point. She found that grit mattered more than intelligence, leadership quality, even physical fitness in predicting which entering plebes would finish boot camp.

Local super chef Marc Vetri confirms it. Which young cooks will survive his kitchen? Their grit helps him spot them faster than pasta reaches al dente.

MARC VETRI, CEO, Vetri Family of Restaurants: It’s not always the sharpest guys. It’s not always the guys with the most skill. It’s just the guys or the girls that have the biggest work ethic. And that’s the grit, I think.

MAN: Say when, chef.

PAUL SOLMAN: Vetri’s grit has certainly paid off. He recently sold five of his restaurants to Philly-based Urban Outfitters. Vetri started out gritty.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: But you did get more gritty, more passionate, more resilient. I don’t know.

MARC VETRI: It’s interesting. Yes, it’s interesting. And your experiences, right, once they start to work for you, you know what? Hey, that worked. Maybe I really need to start acting like this more often.

PAUL SOLMAN: Duckworth is trying to promote the early teaching of restraint, self-control, delay of gratification, long enough so their benefits become apparent.

JANE GOLDEN, Founder, City of Philadelphia Mural Arts Program: This mural was created three years ago.

PAUL SOLMAN: Jane Golden, who heads the city’s Mural Arts Program, may be, says Duckworth, the city’s grittiest individual.

JANE GOLDEN: My father used to say, you’re like — you’re dogged, you’re like a dog with a bone, you’re — you know, failure is not a permanent state. It’s just not.

PAUL SOLMAN: Golden took us to see “Family Interrupted” made in a prison, then transferred to this wall.

The lead artist for the mural, Eric Okdeh, also worked with the prisoners to show the impact of their incarceration. Q.R. Codes are used to tell their stories in their own words.

MAN: I said man, you know what? I’m ashamed to be in here. I ain’t got no reason to be in prison. I’m smart. I’m ashamed of myself.

JANE GOLDEN: Every person we keep out of the prison system is a victory. Every young person who graduates from high school and moves on to higher ed, that is fantastic.

PAUL SOLMAN: Turning negative energy into positive energy, through passion and purpose. So, then is grit also the answer to economic success, to a gratifying life?

ALFIE KOHN, Author, “Myth of the Spoiled Child”: There’s a very big difference between helping kids to decide whether and when to be gritty, and to deify or romanticize the concept of grit as inherently valuable.

PAUL SOLMAN: Educator Alfie Kohn is a grit skeptic.

ALFIE KOHN: I don’t want children, or adults, for that matter, to be fearful that if they say this isn’t working, I don’t derive pleasure from this, I’m going to move on to something else, that they will be accused of not being sufficiently single-minded or having enough stick-to-itiveness.

PAUL SOLMAN: Moreover, says Kohn:

ALFIE KOHN: These concepts have the effect of blaming kids in dire circumstances for their circumstances, instead of looking at how poverty and racial discrimination hold kids back.

PAUL SOLMAN: Duckworth concedes the point, to a degree.

ANGELA DUCKWORTH: I think grit is a very important thing to being successful, but it’s also important to have a situation, have a — have a life that has opportunities for you to do well, right? And that’s separate from your grit.

And the other thing I would say grit is not a substitute for is having values, you know, empathy for other people, other aspects of character. So, grit is an important thing, but I don’t think it’s the only thing.

PAUL SOLMAN: For the “PBS NewsHour,” this is economics correspondent Paul Solman, reporting from Philadelphia on a story that required no delay of gratification at all.

The post What quality do the most successful people share? True grit appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

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